NAD+

What Is NAD+?

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in all living cells, essential for mitochondrial energy production (ATP synthesis), sirtuin-mediated DNA repair, and PARP-dependent genome maintenance. NAD+ levels decline approximately 50% between ages 40 and 60. Clinical research by Yoshino et al. (Cell Metabolism, 2018) demonstrated NAD+ restoration improves insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.

Research Context

• Mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP production efficiency
• Sirtuin (SIRT1/SIRT3) activation and epigenetic regulation of aging
• PARP enzyme activation and DNA double-strand break repair
• NAD+ decline with age and supplementation restoration kinetics
• Muscle insulin sensitivity improvement in human clinical trials (Yoshino et al., 2018)